Industrial Waste Incineration Research Articles

An empirical study on thermal efficiency and dusty moisture removal efficiency using enthalpy wheel in industrial waste incineration plant

In this work, an empirical study is conducted on the waste heat recovery and moisture removal performance of an enthalpy wheel installed in an industrial waste incineration plant. The enthalpy wheel made of a metal mesh is placed in parallel with the wet scrubber of the incineration plant to exchange heat with high-temperature exhaust at 200 °C. In the enthalpy wheel, exhaust gas and external air exchange heat in the form of a counter flow, and the condensation effect is maximized by installing a water-spray nozzle at the inlet of the enthalpy wheel. Empirical data were collected over 100 days spanning July to October. To evaluate the performance of the enthalpy wheel, thermal efficiency, moisture removal efficiency, and dust removal efficiency were tested under high-temperature humid conditions. In some results, the overall thermal efficiency reached peaked at 61.2 %. Regarding moisture removal performance, the average moisture removal rate was 493 kg/h, affording an efficiency of 49.2 %. In terms of dust removal performance, the average dust removal efficiency was 79.6 %.

Insights into Full-congener Profiles of Chlorinated Benzenes in Fly and Bottom Ash: Case Study in Vietnamese Industrial and Municipal Waste Incinerators.

Chlorinated benzenes (CBzs) are a group of organic pollutants, which have been industrially or unintentionally produced through various chemical and thermal processes. Studies on full congener profiles of CBzs in waste and environmental samples are relatively limited and not updated. In the present study, concentrations of 12 CBzs were determined in fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) samples collected from one municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and one industrial waste incinerator (IWI) in northern Vietnam. Levels of Σ12CBzs were higher in bottom ash (median 25.3; range 1.59-45.7 ng/g) than in fly ash (median 7.30; range 1.04-30.0 ng/g). The CBz profiles were dominated by di- and tri-chlorinated congeners with the major congeners as 1,2,4-TCB, 1,2,3-TCB, 1,2-DCB, and 1,3-DCB. However, CBz profiles varied greatly between sample types and incinerators, implying differences in input materials, formation pathways, and pollutant behaviors. Incomplete combustion is possibly responsible for high levels of CBzs in industrial bottom ash. The emission factors of Σ12CBzs ranged from 21 to 600µg/ton for fly ash and from 190 to 4570µg/ton for bottom ash, resulting in annual emissions of about 6 and 3g/year for the IWI and MWI, respectively. Our results suggest additional investigations on industrial emission and environmental occurrence of all 12 CBzs rather than solely focusing on regulated congeners like hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene.

Modification of Recycled Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash as a Low-cost Catalyst for NOx Removal

Modification of Recycled Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash as a Low-cost Catalyst for NOx Removal

Sustainable ceramic tiles incorporated with waste fly ash from recycled paper production

Waste incineration is an effective solid waste disposal method; however, its by-product pollutants hinder its widespread adoption. This research aims to develop novel unglazed ceramic tiles by recycling industrial solid waste incineration fly ash (IWA) from recycled paper mills. Experimental investigations were conducted on ceramic tiles with IWA additions (0–30 wt%) and firing temperatures (1100 °C, 1200 °C, and 1300 °C). Various scientific tests, including XRF, XRD, strength, water absorption, thermal properties, heavy metal leaching, SEM analysis, and micro-CT analysis, were performed. The results suggest that the addition of IWA may deteriorate the technical performance of ceramic tiles; however, satisfactory performance can still be achieved by tailoring the firing temperature due to the existence of iron and calcium in the IWA, which narrows and displaces the densification temperature range. Remarkably, tiles with 30 wt% IWA, which completely replaced the flux materials and fired at 1300 °C, achieved the highest flexural strength (exceeding 30 MPa). These tiles exhibited promising attributes such as water absorption of 5.9%, an estimated energy saving of 33.86%, and compliance with heavy metal leaching limits. This study proposes a sustainable solution for IWA disposal by utilising recycled paper mill fly ash as a substitute for flux material in ceramic tile manufacturing. The findings contribute to minimising environmental impact and conserving non-renewable natural resources, supporting sustainable development.

Troubleshooting dioxins stack emissions in an industrial waste gas incinerator

An important source of dioxins and furans at present is waste incineration, utmost formed during combustion processes and emitted to the environment without being fully captured by waste-gas treatment equipment. In this study, monitoring campaign of International Toxic Equivalents for dioxins and furans (I-TEQDF), was carried out at pharmaceutical industrial waste incinerator to find a correlation between combustion parameters and feed composition with potential emission. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that high values of dioxin emission correlate with short residence time of the flue gas in the furnace as well as low oxygen concentration. These operating conditions were further investigated, using COMSOL Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation to calculate the temperature profiles along the furnace. The results suggest that the flame temperature profile is anticipated to exhibit cold areas (cold spots), which may be used as a proxy for dioxin formation due to incomplete combustion. Additionally, the calculated congeners furan to dioxin concentration ratio, points to their formation via de novo mechanism. SEM-EDS analysis preformed on the bag filter upstream the feed following its filtration, have shown large amount of iron, which may have served as a metal catalytic source for dioxin formation. The iron origin is most likely from corrosion of the feeding pipe, drifted with the waste gas and trapped on the bag filter. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the parameters controlling dioxin formation and emission from the plant and may assist a planning of process optimization in such a plant.

Composition modification and plasma vitrification of bottom ash from industrial hazardous waste incineration

Industrial hazardous waste (IHW) incineration bottom ash (BA) contains high-content acidic oxides and a limited amount of basic oxides. This contributes to the vitrification of the BA sample, although it causes a high melting temperature and viscosity. Unfortunately, basic fluxing agents play a negative role in the durability of glassy slag. Hence, the industrial BA melting process requires a comprehensive and accurate composition modification method. In this study, the basicity, complete liquid phase temperature, and viscosity-temperature performance of a BA sample were investigated. The BA sample was melted using a thermal plasma system. Furthermore, environmental sound quality analysis was performed, including the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and acid loss rate. The results indicate that the BA sample may be directly vitrified, although the melting temperature and viscosity need to be modified. Comprehensively, it was found that 15% CaO addition is the most suitable choice. The BA composition modification sample melted completely, slagging smoothly, transformed mostly to the vitrification state, and the index values of the environmental sound quality analysis were dramatically reduced. It has been proven that appropriate composition modification can not only guarantee the stable BA melting process but also favor the vitrification and solidification of heavy metals.

Multiblock dynamic enhanced canonical correlation analysis for industrial MSW combustion state monitoring

Combustion state monitoring in industrial municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) power generation process is very difficult. There are two main reasons for this dilemma: (1) there is a large time lag between the combustion chamber and the steam generation stage; (2) reactions continue to occur and raw waste is fed into the incinerator continuously, so there are strong correlations and remarkable dynamic characteristics among process variables. The complex correlations in time and in space cause difficulties in combustion state monitoring for incinerators. Those correlations are common in industrial processes because the large scale equipment is usually needed and a whole process is realized by equipment in sequence. To overcome those difficulties, a multi-block dynamic enhanced canonical correlation analysis (MBDCCA) method is proposed to help monitor the MSWI process. Firstly, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is extended to MBDCCA to model the MSWI process. Secondly, a combustion state online monitoring approach is designed based on the proposed MBDCCA algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is applied in an industrial MSWI plant to demonstrate the effectiveness.

The impact of pollutant emissions from co-incineration of industrial waste in municipal solid waste incinerators

A large amount of industrial solid waste (including waste plastics, textiles, wood, etc., which are byproducts of industrial production) urgently needs to be treated. Incineration is undoubtedly the most efficient and convenient method. The existing municipal solid waste incineration plants can be transformed to burn such industrial wastes. However, the potential risks associated with high levels of heavy metals in industrial waste and the air pollution caused by co-incineration pose significant challenges to the co-incineration disposal of industrial solid waste. The change of physical and chemical properties of municipal solid waste and the emission characteristics of flue gas pollutants after co-incineration of industrial waste were studied by means of material flow simulation and experiment. In addition, experiments were designed to study the effects of temperature, calcium sulfur ratio and chlorine content on heavy metal emission during the incineration of industrial waste. The results showed that co-incineration of a certain proportion of industrial waste significantly increased the calorific value of municipal solid waste, but excessive mixing of plastic and paper industrial waste would increase the ash content. Co-incineration of plastic industrial waste can significantly increase HCl, and with the increase of temperature, the transformation of Cl to HCl is more thorough. The increase of temperature can promote the migration of Cr, Pb and Se elements to the gas phase. When Cr, Pb, and Se elements are present in the gas phase, they can combine with other gases and aerosols to form particulate matter and toxic substances, causing air pollution. When Ca/S is 1, Ba, Mn, Ni, Zn can effectively reduce the retention rate of elements in the ash. Under certain conditions, chlorine in industrial waste plastics will react with Zn to form tiny particles and low boiling point chlorides, which will increase its volatility. The mineral components in the ash can also be used for making ceramsite and building materials. These results will provide reference for the pollutants controlling during co-incineration of industrial waste and municipal solid waste process.

Long-Term Leaching Behavior and Geochemical Modeling of Cement Solidified Incineration Fly Ash Containing Waste Tires and Wood Biomass

Waste incineration is a widely used treatment method, and sustainable approaches are required to properly recycle large volumes of incineration ash to reduce environmental impacts and landfill space consumption. Studies have focused on the potential of recycling incineration ash as a replacement for natural aggregates in civil engineering applications, such as road construction. However, industrial waste incineration ash, such as waste tire incineration ash, contains hazardous heavy metals, such as lead and zinc that pose potential environmental threats. Moreover, few studies have investigated the leachability of these hazardous metals after long-term natural aging. This study investigates the long-term evolution of leachate chemistry, mineralogical transformation, and heavy metal fixation performance of a recycled roadbed material using ash from industrial waste incineration of waste tires and biomass (SFA). Additionally, field samples from a five-year pilot test site utilizing SFA were also examined. Regulatory leaching tests showed that the concentrations of Cd, Pb, As, T-Cr, and Ni were all below permissible limits even after five years of utilization. Long-term column leaching experiment results indicated that, compared to the total content of the SFA material, the leaching ratios of Pb, T-Cr, Cu, and Zn were 27%, 12%, 5%, and 0.1%, respectively. The SFA pH-stat leaching test results demonstrated that the mass release of the total content of heavy metals was relatively minimal, even under acidic pH conditions (pH < 4). Finally, profiles of pH and major ions in leachate from the column leaching experiment were simulated using HYDRUS HP1, implementing a dual-porosity modeling approach. In conclusion, despite containing hazardous heavy metals, SFA exhibits significantly low leaching rates over a long-term period.

Mineral phase transition characteristics and its effects on the stabilization of heavy metals in industrial hazardous wastes incineration (IHWI) fly ash via microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment

Toxic heavy metals in industrial hazardous waste incineration (IHWI) fly ash can be effectively stabilized by using microwave-assisted hydrothermal technology. However, few works have focused on the relationship between mineralogical conversion and stability of heavy metals of fly ash during hydrothermal process. This study investigated the effect of mineral phase transition process on the stabilization and migration behavior of heavy metals in IHWI fly ash using coal fly ash as silicon‑aluminum additive. Mineral composition analysis reveals that after microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment (MAHT) of IHWI fly ash, zeolite-like minerals (e.g., tobermorite, katoite and sodalite), secondary aluminosilicate minerals (e.g., prehnite and anorthite) and other newly-formed minerals (e.g., wollastonite, pectolite and larnite) were found. The leaching concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in IHWI fly ash decrease sharply after MAHT with the most obvious decreases in Cu, Pb and Zn. Spearman correlation analysis show significantly negative correlation between the content of zeolite-like minerals and the leaching concentrations of most heavy metals (e.g., Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb). These results suggest that the immobilization effects of heavy metals in IHWI fly ash can be effectively enhanced by promoting the formation of zeolite-like minerals during the MAHT. This study is expected to further promote the development of IHWI fly ash harmless treatment technology.

Au nanocakes as a SERS sensor for on site and ultrafast detection of dioxins

Dioxin is a highly toxic and carcinogenic pollutant created during industrial production and waste incineration. Pollutant monitoring has made extensive use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a quick, non-destructive, sensitive, and affordable analytical method. However, the fabrication of a SERS substrate with ultrahigh sensitivity is a challenging task, the detection cost is expensive. Currently, these are the challenges faced by SERS technique for the detection of dioxin pollutants. In this paper, we present Au nanocakes (Au NCs) as an easy-to-build SERS substrate for sensitive SERS detection of dioxins in real samples. Based on three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) calculations, the enhancement factor of the substrate following aggregation is approximately 1010. Using a portable Raman spectrometer, the limit of detection for dioxins such as 1-chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (1-CDD), 2,8-dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD), and 2,3,7-trichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7-TrCDD) in clean water reached as low as 5, 5, and 10 ng/mL, respectively. As a real-world application, the same toxic pollutants were detected in sewage water samples. Our findings could lead to the development of novel SERS-based sensors for the rapid detection of dioxins in real-world scenarios. Moreover, a portable Raman spectrometer is used to detect the pollutants, which is easy to use and inexpensive.

Exposure to Hazardous Substances and Their Health Effects Among Residents Living Near Three Industrial Waste Incinerators in Korea.

This study aimed to evaluate exposure to various hazardous substances emitted by incineration facilities and their likely effect on the health for residents of Bugi-myeon, Cheongju, Korea, which has three incineration facilities. Heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and dioxin concentrations in the air and soil of exposed and control areas were measured. Moreover, the exposure levels to harmful substances and its effects on health were investigated in 1,124 exposed and 232 control adults. PAHs and dioxin concentrations in the air in the exposed area were significantly higher than in the control area. Urinary cadmium and PAHs metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group. The exposure group also had a higher prevalence of depression and self-reported allergic symptoms than the control group. The possibility of residents in Bugi-myeon being exposed to hazardous substances at incineration facilities cannot be ruled out. To prevent them from further exposure to hazardous substances, it is necessary to prohibit the expansion of additional incineration facilities in this area and to implement continuous monitoring projects for residents.

Emission and distribution profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid residues of municipal and industrial waste incinerators, Northern Vietnam.

The concentrations and profiles of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10), fly ash (FA), and bottom ash (BA) were examined in three incineration residues. Samples were collected from different municipal and industrial solid waste incinerators in Northern Vietnam. The average concentrations of total PAHs in PM10, fly ash, and bottom ash were 9.55 × 103ng/Nm3, 215 × 103ng/g, and 2.38ng/g, respectively. Low-molecular-weight PAHs (2 to 3 rings) were predominant in most samples. The emission factor of total PAHs decreased in the order of FA > BA > PM10. A higher concentration of total PAHs was found in industrial facilities than that in municipal ones. The high carcinogenic proportion of PAHs together with significantly high annual emissions reflect the high pollution risk to the ecosystem by PAHs in the case of reuse of incineration ashes (e.g., brick production). Regarding the carcinogenic risk of PAH-bounded ashes or particles, calculations from this study imply the significant threat for workers who have been manipulated in the incineration facilities, directly exposed to fly and bottom ashes. Meanwhile, the risk from PAH-bound particulate was not considered a significant threat for both normal adults and children. Further study on PAHs contained in incinerator waste dumps should be conducted in Vietnam to assess the potential contamination risk of these incineration by-products.

Biological Effects of Human Exposure to Environmental Cadmium

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal for the human organism and for all ecosystems. Cd is naturally found at low levels; however, higher amounts of Cd in the environment result from human activities as it spreads into the air and water in the form of micropollutants as a consequence of industrial processes, pollution, waste incineration, and electronic waste recycling. The human body has a limited ability to respond to Cd exposure since the metal does not undergo metabolic degradation into less toxic species and is only poorly excreted. The extremely long biological half-life of Cd essentially makes it a cumulative toxin; chronic exposure causes harmful effects from the metal stored in the organs. The present paper considers exposure and potential health concerns due to environmental cadmium. Exposure to Cd compounds is primarily associated with an elevated risk of lung, kidney, prostate, and pancreatic cancer. Cd has also been linked to cancers of the breast, urinary system, and bladder. The multiple mechanisms of Cd-induced carcinogenesis include oxidative stress with the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, the promotion of lipid peroxidation, and interference with DNA repair systems. Cd2+ can also replace essential metal ions, including redox-active ones. A total of 12 cancer types associated with specific genes coding for the Cd-metalloproteome were identified in this work. In addition, we summarize the proper treatments of Cd poisoning, based on the use of selected Cd detoxifying agents and chelators, and the potential for preventive approaches to counteract its chronic exposure.

Leaching behavior and mineral speciation of cement-solidified boiler fly ash from industrial waste incineration containing waste tires

Leaching behavior and mineral speciation of cement-solidified boiler fly ash from industrial waste incineration containing waste tires

Cancer risk in the residents of a town near three industrial waste incinerators in Korea: a retrospective cohort study.

Three industrial waste incinerators (IWIs) were built in 1999, 2001, and 2010, within a 3km radius of a town with a population of around 5000 in Korea. This study evaluated whether residents near these three IWIs had increased cancer incidence than those from other areas in Korea using regional health data. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated using the frequency of cancer cases in the National Cancer Registry of the exposed area (Buki-myeon), Chungcheongbuk-do (Chungbuk, state including Buki-myeon), and whole Korea from 1999 to 2017. A retrospective cohort was created using National Health Insurance System data from 2002 to 2018. The exposed group was defined as those having a residential history in the exposed area. The control group was defined as those having a residential history in nearby towns or counties in Chungbuk, excluding counties having living and cultural areas in other provinces and cities. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, level of health insurance fee, and smoking history. In the ecological study using National Cancer Registry data, the risk of all cancers, all cancers excluding thyroid, esophageal, stomach, and lung cancers in the exposed area were 1.13 (95% CI 1.03-1.24), 1.15 (95% CI 1.04-1.26), 1.91 (95% CI 1.13-2.89), 1.39 (95% CI 1.14-1.66), and 1.29 (95% CI 1.03-1.57) times higher than in whole Korea among exposed males, respectively. In the retrospective cohort, 4300 males (26,821 person-years) and 3796 females (24,746 person-years) in exposed group, 150,964 males (1,212,010 person-years) and 134,535 females (1,104,025 person-years) in control group were analyzed. After adjusting for several confounding factors, the risks for gallbladder cancer among males and kidney cancer among females were 2.65 (95% CI 1.38-5.06) and 2.82 (95% CI 1.13-7.03) times higher in the exposed group versus the control group, respectively. Cancer risk was higher in Koreans having residential history living near IWIs compared to the other areas. Further study warrants nationwide effects and longer follow-up of WIs for cancers in Korea.

Development of Ammonia Emission Factor for Industrial Waste Incineration Facilities Considering Incinerator Type.

In this study, the emission factor and concentration of ammonia from industrial waste incineration facilities were analyzed through actual measurements. The ammonia emission factor was calculated and the difference in ammonia emission factor for each type of incineration was confirmed through the Mann–Whitney U test. As a result of analyzing 279 samples, the NH3 emission factor of the SNCR facility of stoker types was 0.012 kgNH3/ton, and the NH3 emission factor of the SNCR facility of the rotary kiln methods was 0.014 kgNH3/ton. Additionally, the NH3 emission factor of this study was higher than the NH3 emission factor (0.003 kgNH3/ton) suggested by Kang’s study (0.009 kgNH3/ton) and EMEP/EEA (2006). There is a need to develop an NH3 emission factor that takes into account the characteristics of Korea, since it is largely different from the NH3 emission factor of EMEP/EEA. As a result of statistical analysis of the stoker type and the rotary kiln method, the null hypothesis that there is no difference between each type was adopted (p-value > 0.05), indicating that there was no statistical difference in the ammonia emission factors of the stoker type and the rotary kiln type.

Improvements on hot corrosion behaviour of HVOF coated CO2 laser beam and pulsed gas tungsten arc weldments in 2.5% sulphur gas plus molten salt in industrial waste incinerator environment

This research article discusses in detail how the‌ ‌rate‌ ‌of‌ ‌corrosion‌ ‌increases‌ for the Alloy 254 in the ‌molten‌ ‌salt‌ ‌mixture‌ ‌of‌ ‌10‌ ‌wt%‌ ‌NaCl‌ ‌+ 40‌ ‌wt%‌ ‌K‌2‌SO‌4‌ + 40‌ ‌wt%‌ ‌Na‌2‌SO‌4‌ ‌+‌ ‌10‌ ‌wt%‌ ‌KCl‌ ‌and‌ ‌corrosive‌ ‌gas‌ combination of ‌ ‌2.5‌%‌ ‌SO‌2‌ ‌+‌ ‌3‌%‌ ‌O‌2‌ ‌+‌ ‌25‌%‌ ‌CO‌2‌ ‌+‌ ‌69.5‌%‌ ‌N‌2 in simulated municipal‌ ‌solid‌ ‌waste‌ ‌‌incinerator environment at 700 °C and 800 °C.‌ ‌In addition, the article shows rate of ‌thermal corrosion abridged due to the addition‌ ‌of‌ ‌80‌ ‌Ni-‌ ‌20‌ ‌Cr‌ ‌-‌High-velocity oxygen fuel ‌coating‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌SMO‌ ‌254‌ ‌specimen. Thermogravimetric analysis is adapted to analyze the corrosion rate. A‌ ‌higher‌ ‌hardness‌ ‌was‌ ‌obtained‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌High-velocity oxygen fuel coated‌ ‌specimen‌ ‌than‌ ‌that‌ ‌of‌ ‌base‌ ‌metal.‌ ‌Surface‌ ‌roughness‌ ‌was‌ ‌measured‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌thermal‌ ‌barrier‌ ‌coated‌ ‌surface.‌ As a result of the impact of molten salt and corrosive gas, hot corrosion by-products such as ‌sulphides, chlorides‌ ‌and‌ ‌Na‌ are produced, which are observed to increase the severity of corrosion rate. ‌‌ The study provides a detailed analysis of the metallurgical changes along the cross-section on the hot corroded samples by optical and Scanning electron microstructural image analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to know about the corrosion products formed during corrosion. Formation‌ of the major protective oxide phases such as NiCr2O4, Cr2O3, NiO and CrMnO4 provide better corrosion resistance to the substrate in the coated samples. The diffusion of the corrosive elements along the cross-section of the weld interface, weld zone, and base metal zone was analyzed in detail using Electron dispersive spectroscopy‌ ‌data in the point scan, line scan, and x-ray mapping techniques. Thermal spray coatings were found to be effective to prevent the hot corrosion, however, a higher weight gain (17.75 mg cm−2) was observed on the pulse current gas tungsten arc weldment sample in the simulated environment compared to a weight gain (2.66 mg cm−2) base metal specimen at 700 °C. Spallation of coated surface occurred at 800 °C, and it could be concluded that the coating has found to be effective in preventing the hot corrosion and safe to operate at a temperature of 700 °C for Alloy 254 in this aggressive simulated environment.

From waste incineration by-products to functional materials: a “Chimie douce” route to VOCs mineral adsorbents

One of today’s major world challenges is the accumulation and the storage of tens of millions of tons per year of final materials resulting from the incineration of domestic and industrial waste. This raises the question of the recycling of these “raw materials”, while making allowance for environmental, economic, social and public health aspects. Our strategy targets the incorporation of waste incineration by-products in a totally circular economy. We propose an innovative process combining templated sol–gel growth of an inorganic or hybrid silica-based network with a solubilized fraction of bottom ash coming from the combustion of industrial and household wastes. The resulting materials engineered via aerosol processing demonstrate maximum adsorption capacity of model pollutant compounds (1-2 dichlorobenzene) competitive with activated carbons currently used in modern incineration plants. We believe that they have the potential to replace conventional activated carbon commonly used in incineration plants, enabling the first step of the long road of recycling final waste.Graphical abstract

Estimation Complete Combustion Coefficient in Rotary Kilns

This paper presents a model-based analysis of variability of thermodynamic and chemical parameters in a rotary kiln (RK) during thermal treatment of animal waste. The core process of chemical treatment of waste takes place in RKs; the process involves heating, gasification and partial combustion of the waste. Control over these parameters, and especially the level of complete combustion, determines the quality and efficiency of the process. In operational practice, control and analysis of the variability of process parameters is complicated by the high degree of simultaneity of individual transformations, random disruptions of the process and metrological difficulties resulting from high temperature and chemical activity of the materials being processed. The purpose of preparing the model was to obtain a tool for predicting variability of selected process parameters. By definition, model calculations assume no influence of disturbances on output values, which makes it possible to acquire accurate results that can be compared with corresponding empirically obtained data. The result of the analyses conducted is a theoretical model of the analysed process and a graphical presentation of the calculation results in the form of graphs and charts. A formula for calculating the level of complete combustion and the results of calculation of this index on the basis of empirical data from an industrial waste incineration plant are also presented herein. The presented model is a useful tool providing an insight into interdependencies between selected process parameters and facilitating design of corrective actions oriented towards process optimisation.